The (Ir)Responsibility of (Under)Estimating Missing Data

It is practically impossible to avoid losing data in the course of an investigation, and it has been proven that the consequences can reach such magnitude that they could even invalidate the results of the study. This paper describes some of the most likely causes of missing data in research in the field of clinical psychology and the consequences they may have on statistical and substantive inferences. When it is necessary to recover the missing information, analyzing the data can become extremely complex. We summarize the experts recommendations regarding the most powerful procedures for performing this task, the advantages each one has over the others, the elements that can or should influence our choice, and the procedures that are not a recommended option except in very exceptional cases. We conclude by offering four pieces of advice, on which all the experts agree and to which we must attend at all times in order to proceed with the greatest possible success. Finally, we show the pernicious effects produced by missing data on the statistical result and on the substantive or clinical conclusions. For this purpose we have planned to lose data in different percentage rates under two mechanisms of loss of data, MCAR and MAR in the complete data set of two very different real researchs, and we proceed to analyze the set of the available data, listwise deletion. One study is carried out using a quasi-experimental non-equivalent control group design, and another study using a experimental design completely randomized. © 2018 Fernández-García, Vallejo-Seco, Livácic-Rojas and Tuero-Herrero.