An Induced Seismicity Indicator Using Accumulated Microearthquakes’ Frictional Energy

Induced seismicity resulting from mining activities is one of the major challenges faced by the mining industry. Although such events have been documented for over a century in countries with extensive mining traditions, such as Canada, Australia, and Chile, their impact has intensified over time. This increase is primarily attributed to the greater extraction depths, where elevated stress levels and environmental conditions heighten the likelihood of rockburst occurrences. Seismic events within mines lead to significant human casualties and substantial infrastructure damage, necessitating the implementation of various safety protocols. Among these, seismic indicators are employed to identify periods when high-magnitude seismic events are most likely to occur through the analysis of parameters such as magnitude, energy, time, and decay rate. In this context, the present study aims to utilize the accumulated frictional energy generated by microearthquakes within the Bobrek mine, Poland, as a seismic indicator (variation of frictional energy in time), establishing its correlation with the occurrence of high-magnitude seismic events exceeding the background activity. Thousands of combinations of seismic parameters were tested to maximize the performance of this frictional energy-based indicator, parameters such as moment magnitude, frictional energy, and rock properties. The optimal set of parameters was determined using the Piece Skill Score (PSS) and subsequently applied to the Accumulated Frictional Heat (AFH) methodology. According to the results, the seismic indicator forecasts 86.6% of events with magnitudes M<inf>w</inf> ≥ 2.3, with an average forecasting time of 9.76 h, indicating that, on average, these events can be anticipated approximately 10 h before their occurrence. © 2025 by the authors.