Carathéodory’S Thermodynamics of the Schwarzschild Black Hole Surrounded by Quintessence

In this paper, we apply the Carathéodory’s method of geometrothermodynamics to investigate the behavior of the main thermodynamic parameters associated with a Schwarzschild black hole surrounded by quintessence. The corresponding Pfaffian form is constructed by means of the Schwarzschild radius r s, and the quintessential radius r γ, as independent variables. This form is then used to characterize the thermodynamic manifold. The homogeneity of the system allows for the recognition of the empirical temperature and entropy, and thus, connects with the usual laws of thermodynamics. In particular, we show that the Helmholtz and Gibbs free energies lead to the same value for the Schwarzschild black hole, in the case of the vanishing cosmological term. © 2023 IOP Publishing Ltd.